Latest Science
Resistantstarch.com has collected a range of studies regarding the health benefits of resistant starch, which you can find below. The publications are categorized by Medical/Health Benefit Publications and Food Science/Application Publications.
Medical / Health Benefit Publications
2011
Maki KC, Pelkman CL, Kelley KM, Lawless AL, Schild A, Rains TM. Effects of Type 2 resistant starch consumption on insulin sensitivity in men and women. #587.9 Poster presented at Experimental Biology, April 10, 2011.
ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of two levels of intake of a natural type 2 resistant starch (RS; Hi-maize 260, National Starch, LLC) on insulin sensitivity in subjects with waist circumference ≥89 cm (women) or ≥102 (men). Participants received 0 (control starch), 15 or 30 g/d (double-blind) of RS in random order for 4-wk periods, separated by 3-wk washouts. Insulin sensitivity index (SI) was assessed at the end of each period using the insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (minimal model). Median changes compared to control during the 15 g/d RS condition were 42.1%, 18.4%, and –0.4% in men, postmenopausal and premenopausal women, respectively. Corresponding changes during the 30 g/d RS condition were 59.8%, 7.3%, and –3.1%. Responses in premenopausal women may have been confounded by changes in insulin sensitivity during the menstrual cycle. These results suggest that consumption of 15–30 g/d of RS increases insulin sensitivity and that future studies in premenopausal women should control for menstrual cycle phase.
Tousen Y, Abe F, Ishida T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Resistant Storch promotes equol production and inhibits tibial bone loss in ovariectomized mice treated with daidzein. Metabolism 2011 May 5. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.009
Daidzein is metabolized to equol in the gastrointestinal tract by gut microflora. Equol has greater estrogenic activity than genistein and daidzein, with its production shown to be promoted by dietary fiber. It is known that resistant starch (RS) is not absorbed in the proximal intestine and acts as dietary fiber in the colon. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of daidzein and RS intake on equol production, bone mineral density, and intestinal microflora in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female mice of the ddY strain, aged 8 weeks, were either sham operated or OVX. The OVXmice were randomly divided into 5 groups: OVXcontrol, OVXfed 0.1% daidzein–supplemented diet (OVX + Dz), OVX fed 0.1% daidzein– and 12% RS–supplemented diet (OVX + Dz + RS), OVX fed 12% RS–supplemented diet (OVX + RS), and OVX who received daily subcutaneous administration of 17 β-estradiol. After 6 weeks, urinary equol concentration was significantly higher in the OVX + Dz + RS group than in the OVX + Dz group. The bone mineral density of the whole tibia was higher in the OVX + Dz +RS group compared with the OVX + Dz group. The occupation ratios of Bifidobacterium spp in the cecal microflora in groups fed RS were significantly higher than those in the other groups. The present study demonstrated that RS may increase the bioavailability of daidzein.
Burn J, Bishop DT, Chapman PD, Elliott F, Bertario L, Dunlop MG, Eccles D, Ellis A, Evans DG, Fodde R, Maher ER, Moslein G, Vasen HF, Coaker J, Phillips RK, Bulow S, Mathers JC, for the international CAPP consortium. A randomized placebo-controlled prevention trial of aspirin and/or resistant starch in young people with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 May; 4(5): 655-665.
doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0106
Evidence supporting aspirin and resistant starch (RS) for colorectal cancer prevention comes from epidemiologic and laboratory studies (aspirin and RS) and randomized controlled clinical trials (aspirin). Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) strikes young people and, untreated, confers virtually a 100% risk of colorectal cancer and early death. We conducted an international, multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled trial of aspirin (600 mg/d) and/or RS (30 g/d) for from 1 to 12 years to prevent disease progression in FAP patients from 10 to 21 years of age. This clinical trial is the largest ever conducted in the setting of FAP and found a trend of reduced polyp load (number and size) with 600mgof aspirin daily. RS had no clinical effect on adenomas.
Ying DY, Phoon MC, Sanguansri L, Weerakkody R, Burgar I, Augustin MA. Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powders: relationship of powder physical properties to probiotic survival during storage. Journal of Food Science 2010; 75(9): E588-E595.
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01838.x.
Freeze-dried commercial Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were encapsulated in an emulsion-based formulation stabilized by whey protein and resistant starch and either spray-dried or freeze-dried to produce probiotic microcapsules. The viability data during storage indicated that SDMC (spray-dried LGG microcapsules) had better storage stability compared to FDMC (freeze-dried LGG microcapsules). Although more water was adsorbed for spray-dried than freeze-dried microcapsules, water mobility was similar for corresponding storage conditions because there was a stronger water-binding energy for spray-dried microcapsule. This possibly accounted for the improved survival of probiotics in spray-dried microcapsules.
Brites CM, Trigo MJ, Carrapico B, Alvinia M, Bessa RJ. Maize and resistant starch enriched breads reduce postprandial glycemic responses in rats. Nutrition Research April 2011; 31:302-308.
White wheat bread is a poor source of dietary fiber, typically containing less than 2%. A demand exists for the development of breads with starch that is slowly digestible or partially resistant to the digestive process. The utilization of maize flour and resistant starch is expected to reduce the release and absorption of glucose and, hence, lower the glycemic index of bread. This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that a diet of maize bread, as produced and consumed in Portugal, would have beneficial metabolic effects on rats compared to white wheat bread. These results suggest that maize bread has a lower glycemic index than wheat bread, and the magnitude of the effect of RS on glycemic response depends of type of bread.
McOrist AL, Miller RB, Bird AR, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Topping DL, Conlon MA.Fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but are usually increased by a diet high in resistant starch. The Journal of Nutrition. Epub ahead of print, March 23, 2011.
doi: 10.3945/jn.110.128504.
Butyrate and other SCFA produced by bacterial fermentation of resistant starch (RS) or nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) promote human colonic health. To examine variation in fecal variables, especially butyrate, among individuals and the response to these fibers, a randomized cross-over study was conducted that compared the effects of foods supplying 25 g of NSP or 25 g of NSP plus 22 g of RS/d over 4 wk in 46 healthy adults (16 males, 30 females; age 31–66 y). Butyrate levels increased in response to RS in most individuals but often decreased when entry levels were high. Fecal butyrate and ammonia excretions were positively associated (R2 = 0.76; P<0.001). In conclusion, fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but consuming a diet high in RS usually increases levels and may help maintain
colorectal health.
Liu J, Wang M, Peng S, Zhang G. Effect of green tea catechins on the postprandial glycemic response to starches differing in amylose content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011, 59, 4582–4588. E-pub ahead of print March 15, 2011. DOI: 10.1021/jf200355q.
ABSTRACT: The effect of tea polyphenols (TPLs), specifically tea catechins, on the postprandial glycemic response to cooked starches differing in amylose contents was investigated. These experimental results indicate that there might exist an interaction between TPLs and amylose, which facilitates the association of amylose molecules to form a special non ordered structure that can produce a high and sustained postprandial glycemic response. Thus, a combination of tea polyphenols and specific starches could be used to manipulate postprandial glycemic response for glycemic control and optimal health.
Abell GCJ, Christophersen CT, McOrist AL, Clarke JM. Dietary resistant and butyrylated starches have different effects on the faecal bacterial flora of axoxymethane-treated rats. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2011; 105:1480-1485. DOI:10.1017/S0007114510005349
Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary fibre lowers the risk of colorectal cancer, which may be due to increased butyrate production from colonic fermentation of a type of fibre, resistant starch (RS). The present study investigated the effects of dietary RS and butyrylated RS on the faecal microbiota of rats treated with azoxymethane. Rats fed high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) had increased concentration of propionate in their distal colonic digesta and developed faecal populations containing Ruminococcus bromii-like bacteria. HAMSB (cooked 10% butyrylated HAMS) increased propionate and butyrate concentrations in distal colonic digesta and was associated with the appearance of two non-butyrate-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus gasseri and Parabacteroides distasonis. In conclusion, supplementation with specific dietary RS leads to changes in faecal microbiota profiles that may be associated with improved bowel health.
Regmi PR, van Kempen TATG, Matte JJ, Zijlstra RT. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro digestibility increases short-chain fatty acid absorption, reduces peak insulin secretion, and modulates incretin secretion in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 2011; 141:398-405.
DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.132449
Diets containing different starch types affect peripheral glucose and insulin responses. However, the role of starch chemistry in kinetics of nutrient absorption and insulin and incretin secretion is poorly understood. Four portal vein catheterized pigs (35.060.2 kg body weight) consumed 4 diets containing 70% purified starch [0–63.2% amylose content and 0.22 (slowly) to 1.06%/min (rapidly) maximum rate of in vitro digestion] for 7-d periods in a 4 3 4 Latin square. In conclusion, starch with high amylose and low in vitro digestibility decreases the kinetics of glucose absorption and insulin and GIP secretion and increases SCFA absorption and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. In conclusion, starch with high amylose content and a lower rate and extent of in vitro digestion decreased glucose absorption and insulin secretion and increased SCFA absorption.
Chung C, Sanguansri L, Augustin MA. In vitro lipolysis of fish oil microcapsules containing protein and resistant starch. Food Chemistry. 15 February 2011, 124(4):1480-1489.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.115.
Abstract: Microencapsulated fish oil powders (50% oil:25% protein:25% starch) were prepared using a physical blend or a heated mixture of sodium caseinate and pre-processed resistant starch as encapsulants. The in vitro digestibility of microcapsules by lipase, amylase and proteases were examined. Heat treatment of the encapsulants and exposure of microcapsules to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) prior to addition of lipase, trypsin and amylase altered the susceptibility of the microcapsules to digestion. Lipolysis of microcapsules occurred in the presence of lipase alone and was increased in the presence of amylase and/or trypsin. Pre-exposure of microcapsules to SGF had different effects on lipolysis, which depended on the nature of the encapsulant material. Lipolysis in the presence of lipase alone was due to the displacement of the interfacial layer. Increased lipolysis in the presence of amylase and/or trypsin was attributed to the digestion of the encapsulant, which facilitated displacement of the interface of oil droplets by bile salts.
Monsivais P, Carter BE, Christiansen M, Perrigue MM, Drewnowski A. Soluble fiber dextrin enhances the satiating power of beverages. Appetite. Volume 56, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 9-14. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.010.
Abstract: This study compared the effects of four types of fiber on satiety and energy intakes at the next meal using a standard double-blinded preload study design. Study participants each took part in 6 study sessions. Study preloads were a combination of a solid snack and a liquid beverage containing four different types of fiber: soluble fiber dextrin (12g), soluble corn fiber (11.8g), polydextrose (11.8g), and resistant starch (11.2g). All four fibers were compared to two control conditions of equal volume: an isoenergetic, low-fiber preload and a lower-energy, low-fiber preload. Conclusion: Relative to the isoenergetic control, only soluble fiber dextrin significantly suppressed energy intakes (p = 0.023). Supplementing beverages with soluble fiber dextrin affects short term energy intake and may have implications for weight control.
2010
Nilsson AC, Ostman EM, Knudsen KEB, Holst JJ, Bjorck IME. A cereal-based evening meal rich in indigestible carbohydrates increases plasma butyrate the next morning. The Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 140:1932-1936. DOI:10.3945/jn.110.123604
Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relation between a whole grain consumption and risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. One tentative mechanism relates to colonic metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates. In a previous study, we reported a positive relation between colonic fermentation and improved glucose tolerance. This work can be seen as an extension of that study, focusing on the tentative role of specific colonic metabolites, i.e. SCFA. The results support the view that cereal products rich in indigestible carbohydrates may improve glucose tolerance through a mechanism involving colonic fermentation and generation of SCFA, where in particular butyric acid may be involved. This mechanism may be one explanation by which whole grain is protective against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Kondegowda NG, Meaney MP, Baker C, Ju YH. Effects of Non-Digestible Carbohydrates on the Growth of Estrogen-Dependent Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Tumors Implanted in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice. Nutrition and Cancer. Advance online publication 2010 Dec 16:1.
Abstract: We examined the dietary effect of commercially available non-digestible carbohydrates( NDCs) on estrogen receptor positive (ER+) human breast cancer. We conducted a feeding study of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), Fibersol 2 (F2; digestion resistant maltodextrin), Hi-maize (HM; high amylose cornstarch), and Frutafit (FF; a range of powdered inulins) to evaluate their effects on the growth of ER(+) human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2) using an athymic xenograft model. F2, HM, and FOSs supplementation significantly reduced E2-stimulated MCF- 7 tumor growth by inhibiting cellular proliferation (Ki-67) and increasing apoptosis (M30) in tumors. F2, HM, and FOSs treatments also lowered serum E2 level and reduced uterine weight compared to the control diet. In conclusion, the NDC intake may have a protective effect against ER(+) tumors by inhibiting cellular proliferation and increasing apoptosis.
Martinez I, Kim J, Duffy PR, Schlegel VL, Walter J. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One November 2010, 5(11): 1-11. doi:10.13171/journal.pone.0015046.
Background: To systematically develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch (RS) that modulate the human gut microbiome, detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary. The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 (RS2) and 4 (RS4) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that RS2 and RS4 show functional differences in their effect on human fecal microbiota composition, indicating that the chemical structure of RS determines its accessibility by groups of colonic bacteria. The findings imply that specific bacterial populations could be selectively targeted by well designed functional carbohydrates, but the inter-subject variations in the response to RS indicates that such strategies might benefit from more personalized approaches.
Weaver CM, Martin BR, Story JA, Hutchinson I, Sanders L. Novel fibers increase bone calcium content and strength beyond efficiency of large intestine fermentation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (2010) 58(16) 8952-8957. Published on Web 08/02/2010.
Background/Objective: Dietary fibers are thought to benefit bone health through increasing mineral absorption and retention following fermentation in the lower gut and solubilization of minerals. This study compared eight fibers to cellulose following a 12 week intervention for production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), calcium absorption, mineral retention and bone content, and bone density and strength in a weanling rat model. Conclusions: Two resistant starches, a soluble fiber dextrin and Polydextrose, increased bone calcium content. Soluble corn fiber and soluble fiber dextrin had the greatest benefit to bone properties including whole body bone mineral content and density and greater volumetric bone mineral density, cortical thickness and area, and peak breaking strength of the distal femur.
Witt T, Gidley MJ, Gilbert RG. Starch digestion mechanistic information from the time evolution of molecular size distributions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Epub ahead of print June 24, 2010 doi: 10.1021/jf101063m.
Abstract: Size-exclusion chromatography [SEC] is used to measure the time evolution of the distributions of molecular size and of branch length as starch is subjected to in vitro digestion, including studying the development of enzyme-resistant starch. The method is applied to maize starches with varying amylose contents; the starches were extruded so as to provide an analogue for processed food. Conclusion: The data suggest that the well-known connection between high amylose content and resistant starch arises from the greater number of longer branches, which can form the small retrograded species. The method is useful for the purpose of comparisons between different starches undergoing the process of digestion, by observing the changes in their molecular structures, as an adjunct to detailed studies of the enzyme-resistant fraction.
Monira S, Chowdhury AKA, Suau A, Magne F, Endtz HPh, Alam M, Rahman M, Pochart P, Desjeux J-F, Alam NJ. Short-chain fatty acids and commensal microbiota in the faeces of severely malnourished children with cholera rehydrated with three different carbohydrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (2010) Epub ahead of print Aug 4, 2010. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.123.
Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) liberated by fermentation of complex carbohydrates might stimulate water and salt absorption, and provide energy. The aim of the study was to assess the number and proportion of faecal bacteria and the concentration of SCFAs of severely malnourished children with cholera receiving oral rehydration solution (ORS) containing glucose, amylase-resistant starch (ARS) or rice. Conclusion: Clinical recovery was associated with an increase in bacterial and SCFA concentrations with all three carbohydrates
in ORS. However, the increases were significantly higher in children receiving Rice-ORS.
Heidebach T, Först P, Kulozik U. Influence of casein-based microencapsulation on freeze-drying and storage of probiotic cells. Journal of Food Engineering. 98 (2010) 309-316. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.003.
Abstract: The influence of microencapsulation in casein-based microcapsules produced by enzymatic gelation with transglutaminase on the viability of two probiotic strains, which differ in their sensitivity against dehydration, Lactobacillus F19 and Bifidobacterium Bb12 during freeze-drying and subsequent storage was investigated. Water activities after drying did not differ between free and encapsulated samples in all cases. However, Lactobacillus F19 survived in significantly higher numbers in the encapsulated state, compared to free cells (protein-cell-mixture). Storage conditions were varied in terms of relative humidity (11%/33%) and temperature (4 C/25 C). Encapsulation improved the survival of Bifidobacterium Bb12 during storage for up to 90 days under all tested conditions. Further co-encapsulation of prebiotic resistant starch corns negatively influenced the physical barrier of the protein matrix, hence leading to a reduction of the protective effect. In the case of Lactobacillus F19 no encapsulation-related protective effect was found during storage.
Verbeke K, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Preston T, Small AC, Henckaerts L, Krempf M, Wang, H, Vonk RJ and Priebe MG. Influence of the type of indigestible carbohydrate on plasma and urine short-chain fatty acid profiles in healthy human volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Advance online publication 26 May 2010; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.92.
Background/Objectives: Health effects of whole grain foods are becoming more evident. In this study, we analysed the short-chain fatty acid profiles in urine and serum derived from the colonic fermentation process of 13C-barley meals, prepared from barley grown under 13CO2 atmosphere.Conclusions: The difference in the profiles of 13C-acetate, 13C-propionate and 13C-butyrate indicates that non-starch polysaccharide combined with resistant starch results in an altered fermentation profile than dietary fibre alone.
Penn-Marshall M,Holtzman GI, Barbeau WE. African Americans may have to consume more than 12 grams a day of resistant starch to lower their risk for Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Medicinal Food (2010) 13(4):1-6. [Epub ahead of print May 18, 2010.]
Abstract: African Americans have a high prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Hi-maize 260 (National Starch and Chemical Co, Bridgewater, NJ) resistant starch (RS) is a promising food ingredient to reduce risk factors for type 2 DM. A 14-week, double-blind, crossover design study was conducted with African American male (n=8) and female (n=7) subjects at risk for type 2 DM. all subjects consumed bread containing 12 g of added RS or control bread (no added RS) for 6 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout period. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in insulin or C-reactive protein levels due to treatment, gender or sequence effects. Mean homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance decreased to normal values (>2.5) at the end of the 14-week study, although there were no significant treatment effects. The results of this study suggest that African Americans may need to consume more than 12 g/day of RS to lower their risk for type 2 DM. {NOTE from National Starch: subjects consumed 12 grams of Hi-maize 260/day, not 12 grams of RS.]
Mochizuki K, Sato Y, Takase S, Goda T. changes in mucosal alpha-glucosidase activities along the jejunal-ileal axis by an Hm-HACS diet intake are associated with decreased lipogenic enzyme activity in epididymal adipose tissue. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (2010) [Epub ahead of print May 18, 2010]. doi:10.1021/jf904259d.
Abstract: Heat-moisture (hm)-high-amylose corn starch (HACS), which includes a larger amount of resistant starch than HACS or regular cornstarch (CS), is more indigestible in the small intestine than HACS or CS. An hm-HACS diet was also shown to ameliorate glucose intolerance and lipid abnormalities. This study examined the effects of feeding rats an hm-HACS diet for 14 days on the activities of mucosal alpha-glucosidase along the jejunal-ileal axis and lipogenic enzymes in epididymal adipose tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that feeding rats the hm-HACS diet reduced the activities of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue and alpha-glucosidase in the jejunal mucosa and indiced the activity of alpha-glucosidase in the ileal mucosa compared with the HACS diet.
Toden S, Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Effects of dietary beef and chicken with and without high amylose maize starch on blood malondialdehyde, interleukins, IGF-1, insulin, leptin, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations in rats. Nutrition and Cancer 62(4):454-465.
Abstract: Dietary red and processed meats may increase risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas fiber may be protective. Recently, we demonstrated that dietary beef causes greater colonic DNA strand breakage than equivalent levels of chicken in rats and that resistant starch (RS) as 20% high amylose maize starch (HAMS) attenuated the damage. From that study, we now report measures of circulating factors that may influence CRC initiation or progression including malondialdehyde (MDA), leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2), interleukins (IL), and short chain fatty acids. Summary: These results suggest diets high in meat or RS could influence cancer initiation or progression by changes in circulating levels of hormones and other factors.
Johnson KL, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Diabetic Medicine (2010):27(4):391-397. [Epub ahead of print April 7, 2010].
Abstract: Diets rich in non-viscous fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study was undertaken toa ssess whether chronic consumption of resistant starch in individuals with the metabolic syndrome would improve insulin sensitivity via changes in ectopic fat storage. Conclusion: Consumption of resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Unlike in animal models, diabetes prevention does not appear to be directly related to changes in body adiposity, blood lipids or inflammatory markers. Further research to elucidate the mechanisms behind this change in insulin sensitivity in human subjects is required.
Zhou Z, Topping DL, Morell MK, Bird AR. Changes in starch physical characteristics following digestion of foods in the human small intestine. British Journal of Nutrition (2010) Page 1 of 9. Epub ahead of print April 23, 2010.
Abstract: Factors controlling the concentration of resistant starch (RS) in foods are of considerable interest on account of the potential for this type of fibre to deliver health benefits to consumers. The present study was aimed at establishing changes in starch granule morphology as a result of human small-intestinal digestion. Volunteers with ileostomy consumed six selected foods: breakfast cereal (muesli), white bread, oven-baked French fries, canned mixed beans and a custard containing either a low-amylose maize starch (LAMS) or a high-amylose maize starch (HAMS). Summary: It appears that high-MW amylose is preferentially digested and that MW, rather than amylose content alone, is associated with resistance of starch to digestion in the upper gut of humans.
Mohr P, Quinin S, Morell M, Topping D. Engagement with dietary fibre and receptiveness to resistant starch in Australia. Public Health Nutrition. 2010 Apr 21:1-8. [Epub ahead of print].
Objective: To investigate community engagement with the health benefits of dietary fibre (DF) and its potential as a frameework for the promotion of icnreased consumption of resistant starch (RS). Conclusions: Application of the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to awareness of DF reveals a ready-made target group for health messages about RS and pockets of differential potential receptiveness. The findings support the promotion of RS as providing health benefits of DF with the added reduction of risk of serious disease, its delivery through healthy staples and the targeting of messages at both fibre-engaged individuals and women in general.
Zheng J, Enright F, Keenan M, Finley J, Zhou J, Ye J, Greenway F, Senevirathne RN, Gissendanner CR, Manaois R, Prudente A, King JM, Martin R.
Resistant starch, fermented resistant starch, and short-chain fatty acids reduce intestinal fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Epub ahead of print March 30, 2010. doi: 10.1021/jf904583b
Abstract: Obesity is a growing global public health dilemma. The objective of this project is to develop and validate a screening mechanism for bioactive compounds that may reduce body fat and promote health.Resistant starch (RS) reduces body fat in rodents. Amylose starch that has a high content of RS, endogenous compounds obtained from the ceca of amylose starch fed mice (fermented RS), and individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were tested. The Caenorhabditis elegans model and Nile red staining were selected to determine the intestinal fat deposition response to bioactive components. The fluorescence intensity of Nile red was reduced to 76.5% (amylose starch), 78.8% (fermented RS), 63.6% (butyrate), or 28-80% (SCFAs) of controls, respectively (P < 0.001). The reduced intestinal fat deposition suggests reduced food intake or increased energy expenditure. C. elegans is a practical animal model to screen for bioactive compounds that may prevent or treat obesity.
Shu X, Jia L, Ye H, Li C, Wu D. Slow digestion properties of rice different in resistant starch. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. August 26, 2009: 57(16):7552-9.
Abstract: the hydrolysis of starch is a key factor for controlling the glycemic index (GI). Slow digestion properties of starch lead to slower glucose release and lower glycemic response. Food with high resistant starch (RS) possesses great value for controlling the GI. To elucidate the factors that play a role in slow digestibility, seven rice mutants different in RS contents were selected for comparative studies. The degree of hydrolytsis showed highly significant correlation with RS, apparent amylose content, lipid content, and other starch physiochemical properties in all these materials with different RS contents. The rate of in vitro digestible starch correlated positively with RS, whereas digestibility was affected mostly by lipid content for those mutants with similar RS. Starch-lipid complexes and short-chain wit degrees of polymerization of 8-12 strongly influenced starch digestion. The integrity of aggregated starch and the number of round starch granules might influence the digestibility of starch directly.
Ryu JH, Lee BH, Seo DH, Baik MY, Park CS, Wang R, Yoo SH.
Production and characterization of digestion-resistant starch by the reaction of Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase. Starch 62(5):221-228. Epub ahead of print May 3, 2010.
Abstract: Recombinant amylosucrase (200 U/mL) from Neisseria polysaccharea was used to produce digestion-resistant starch (RS) using 1-3% (w/v) corn starches and 0.1-0.5 M sucrose incubated at 35°C for 24 h. Characterization of the obtained enzyme-modified starches was investigated. Results show that the yields of the enzyme-modified starches were inversely proportional to the original amylose contents of corn starches. After enzymatic reaction, insoluble RS contents increased by 22.3 and 20.7% from 6.9% of waxy and 7.7% of normal corn starches, respectively, using 3.0% starch as acceptor and 0.3 M sucrose as donor, while amylomaize VII showed the lowest increase (8.5%) in RS content.
Coate KC, Huggins KW. Consumption of a high glycemic index diet increases abdominal adiposity but does not influence adipose tissue pro-oxidant and antioxidant gene expression in C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition Research (Feb 2010)30(2): 141-150.
Abstract: The hypothesis of this study is that consumption of a high glycemic index (GI) starch will increase adiposity, increase express of the pro-oxidant enzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH] oxidase), and decrease expression of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in adipose tissue of mice. Conclusion: High GI diets increase adiposity under low fat conditions but do not influence pro-oxidant or antioxidant enzyme gene expression in adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice. Note - Hi-maize high amylose-resistant cornstarch composed of 60% amylose and 40% amylopectin as low GI starch, Amioca was used as the high GI control starch.
Binder HJ. Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea. Annual Rev Physiol. 2010 Mar 17; 72:297-313. Abstract: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major anion in stool and are synthesized from nonabsorbed carboydrate by the colonic microbiota. Nonabsorbed carbohydrate are not absorbed in the colon and indice an osmotically mediated diarrhea; in contrast, SCFA are absorbed by colonic epithelial cells and stimulate NA-dependent fluid absorption via a cyclic AMP-independent process involving apical membrane Na-H, SCFA-HCO3, and Cl-SCFA exchanges. SCFA production represents an adaptive process to conserve calories, fluid and electrolytes.Inhibition of SCFAsynthesis by antibiotics and administration of PEG, a substance that is not metabolized by colonic microbiota, both result in diarrhea. In
contrast, increased production of SCFA as a result of providing starch that is relatively resistant to amylase digestion [so-called resistant starch (RS)] to oral rehydration solution (RS-ORS) improves the efficacy of ORSand represents an important approach to improve the effectiveness of ORS in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age.
Liu X, Ogawa H, Kishida T and Ebihara K. The effect of high-amylose cornstarch on lipid metabolism in OVX rats is affected by fructose feeding. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. February 2010. 21(2): 89-97.
Abstract: We examined whether the effects of high-amylose cornstarch (HACS) on lipid metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats were afrfected by high-fructose feeding. Sucroase (482 g/kg diet) was used as fructose source. OVX rats were fed one of the following four diets for 21 days: a sucrose-based or cornstarch-based cholesterol-free diet with or without HACS (150 g/kg diet). Body weight and food intake were increased by sucrose. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were increased by sucrose and decreased by HACS in cornstarch-fed rats, but not in sucrose-fed rats. Conclusion: These results show that the effect of HACS on hyperlipidemia induced by ovarian hormone deficiency would be affrected by the consumption of fructose-rich sweeteners such as sucrose and high-fructose syrup.
Yin F, Zhang Z, Huang J, Yin Y. Digestion rate of dietary starch affects systemic circulation of amino acids in weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 2010 Jan 27:1-9.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of dietary starch and its digestive behaviour on the systemic circulating amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Eighteen weanling pigs surgically fitted with a catheter in the jugular vein were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups. Sticky rice starch (SRS) was hydrolysed more quickly in vitro (P,0·05) than maize starch (MS) and resistant starch (RS), and was almost completely hydrolysed within 4 h. Conclusion: We conclude that dietary starches digested rapidly in vitro have higher digestibility in the anterior small intestine of pigs. Diets containing rapidly digestible starch ameliorate the digestive and absorptive function and regulate AA metabolism to beneficially increase the entry of dietary AA into the systemic circulation in pigs.
Djoulde RD, Oldewage-Theron W, Egal AA, Samuel F. Influence of room-temperature storage-reheating cycles on nutritional properties of maize meal porridge (PAP used in the Vaal region, South Africa. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 34 (2010): 181-191.
Abstract: South African maize meal porridge (pap) was analyzed for its nutritional properties after reheating by microwave following room-temperature storage for 12 and 24h. In compariosn with freshly prepared samples, reheated samples showed a higher resistant starch content with value of 44.2 +/- 8.1 g/100g and 39.8 +/- 9.4 g/100g when reheated after 12 and 24 h, respectively, compared with 31.4 +/- 7.9 g/100g for a fresh pap. Conclusion: These results, especially the improvement of resistant starch content and the IVPD during room storage-and-reheating cycle of South African maize meal porridge, may open new perspectives to maize consumers both from the socioeconomical and nutritional point of view.
Anderson GH, Cho CE, Akhavan T, Mollard RC, Lohovyy BL, Finocchiaro ET. Relation between estimates of cornstarch digestibility by the Englyst in vitro method and glycemic response, subjective appetite, and short-term food intake in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (April ,2010)91(4):932-939. Epub ahead of print February 17, 2010.
The objective of this study was to describe relations between estimates of digestibility of starches by the in vitro Englyst method and their effect on blood glucose concentrations, subjective appetite, and food intake in young men. Conclusion: The in vitro estimates of starch digestibility by the Englyst method predicted the effects of starch composition on blood glucose concentrations and food intake in young men 30 and 120 minutes after consumption.
Soret R, Chevalier J, de Coppet P, Poupeau G, Derkinderen P, Segain JP, Neunlist M. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology ( May 2010) 138(5): 1772-1782.e4, May 2010.
Little is known about the environmental and nutritional regulation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls gastrointestinal motility. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyrate regulate colonic mucosa homeostasis and can modulate neuronal excitability. We investigated their effects on the ENS and colonic motility. The effects of butyrate on the ENS were studied in colons of rats given a resistant starch diet (RSD) or intracaecal perfusion of SCFAs. The effects of butyrate were also studied in primary cultures of ENS. Conclusion: Butyrate or HDAC inhibitors might be used, along with nutritional approaches, to treat various gastrointestinal motility disorders associated with inhibition of colonic transit.
Song Y, Bae C, Woo D, Kim Y, Park T, Immunomodulatory activity of type-4 resistant starch in the mesenteric lymph nodes of rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, February 2010, 13(1):205-210. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.1170.
We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of type-4 resistant starch (RS) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) using a rat model. Conclusion: These results indicate that type-4 RS might ameliorate allergic inflammation in the MLNs of rats through an increased CD4(+) T cell population and enhanced differentiation of MLN lymphocytes into type-2 T cells.
Siew-Wai L, Zi-Ni T, Karim AA, Hani NM, Rosma A. Fermentation of Metroxylon sagu Resistant starch type III by Lactobacillus sp. And Bifidobacterium bifidum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Epub ahead of print February 2, 2010.
The in vitro fermentability of sago (Metroxylon sagu) resistant starch type III (RS3) by selected probiotic bacteria was investigated. The results indicated that fermentation of sago RS3 significantly yielded the highest count of Lactobacillus sp. Accompanied by the largest reduction in pH of the medium. Sago RS3 was significantly the most consumed substrate compared to FOS and Hi-maizes.
Kendall CWC, Esfahani A, Sanders LM, Potter SM, Vidgen E. The effect of a pre-load meal containing resistant starch on spontaneous food intake and glucose and insulin responses. Journal of Food Technology 2010; 8(2):67-73.
The effects of resistant starch and dietary fiber on food intake, satiety and postprandial metabolic responses remain controversial. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a meal containing resistant starch on food intake, satiety, glucose and insulin responses. The present study indicates that a meal containing RS may decrease postprandial glucose and insulin responses and enhance subjective feelings of satiety.
Yin F, Zhang Z, Huang J, Yin Y. Digestion rate of dietary starch affects systemic circulation of amino acids in weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 2010 Jan 27:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of dietary starch and its digestive behaviour on the systemic circulating amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. We conclude that dietary starches digested rapidly in vitro have higher digestibility in the anterior small intestine of pigs. Diets containing rapidly digestible starch ameliorate the digestive and absorptive function and regulate AA metabolism to beneficially increase the entry of dietary AA into the systemic circulation in pigs.
Stewart Maria L, Nikhanj Soma D, Timm Derek A, Thomas William, Slavin Joanne L. Evaluation of the effect of four fibers on laxation, gastrointestinal tolerance and serum markers in healthy humans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010;56:91-98. doi: 10.1159/000275962.
Average dietary fiber intake in the United States is roughly half of the recommended amount. As new dietary fiber products are introduced to increase fiber intake, it is critical to evaluate the physiological effects of such fibers. Aims: This study examined the effect of 4 fibers derived from maize or tapioca on fecal chemistry, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and serum markers of chronic disease. Conclusion: Increasing fiber intake by 12 g/day was well tolerated and may have a positive impact on colon health due to fermentation.
Haub MD, Hubach KL, Al-tamimi EK, Ornelas S, Seib PA. Different types of resistant starch elicit different glucose responses in humans. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Volume 2010, Article ID 230501, 4 pages. Doi: 10.1155/2010/230501.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of resistant starch (RS) elicited different glycemic responses. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that different types of resistant starch elicit significantly different glycemic responses.
Shimotoyodome A, Suzuki J, Fukuoka D, Tokimitsu I, Hase T. RS4-Type Resistant Starch Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Increased Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation and Decreased Postprandial GIP in C57BL/6J Mice. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metababolism (2010) 298:E652-E662. Epub ahead of print December 15,2009.
Chemically modified starches (CMS) are RS4-type resistant starch, which shows a reduced availability, as well as high amylose cornstarch (HACS, RS2-type), compared with the corresponding unmodified starch. Previous studies have shown that RS4 increases the fecal excretion of bile acids and reduces zinc and iron absorption in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary FS4 supplementation on the development of diet-induced obesity in mice. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with RS4-type resistant starch attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity more effectively than RS2 in C57BL/6J mice, which may be attributable to lower postprandial GIP and increased fat catabolism in the liver.
Food Science / Applications Publications
Laguna L Salvador A, Sanz T and Fiszman SM. Performance of a resistant starch rich ingredient in the baking and eating quality of short-dough biscuits. LWT-Food Science and Technology. Epub ahead of print June 9, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.05.034
Zhu L-J, Shukri R, de Mesa-Stonestreet NJ, Alavi S, Dogan H, Shi Y-C. Mechanical and microstructural properties of soy protein-high amylose corn starch extrudates in relation to physiochemical changes of starch during extrusion. Journal of Food Engineering. (September 2010) 100(2):232-238. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.04.004
Perera A, Meda V, Tyler RT. Resistant starch: A review of analytical protocols for determining resistant starch and of factors affecting the resistant starch content of foods. Food Research International. Epub ahead of print June 22, 2010.
Arimi JM, Duggan E, O’Sullivan M, Lyng JG, O’Riordan ED. Effect of moisture content and water mobility on microwave expansion of imitation cheese.
Food Chemistry (July 15,2010) 121 (2): 509-516
Htoon AK, Uthayakumaran S, Piyasiri U, Appelqvist IAM, Lopez-Rubio A, Gilbert EP, Mulder RJ. The effect of acid dextrinisation on enzyme-resistant starch content in extruded maize starch. Food Chemistry (2010) 120:140–149.
Nobakhti A. R. ; Ehsani M. R. ; Mousavi S. M. ; Mortazavian A. M. Influence of lactulose and Hi-maize addition on viability of probiotic microorganisms in freshly made synbiotic fermented milk drink. Milchwissenschaft (2009) 64(2):191-193.
Saifullah R, Abbas FMA, Yeoh S-H, Azhar ME. Utilization of green banana flour as a functional ingredient in yellow noodle. International Food Research Journal (2009) 16:373-379.
Pongjanta J, Utaipattanaceep A, Naivikul O and Piyachomkwan K. Effects of Preheated Treatments on Physicochemical Properties of Resistant Starch Type III from Pullulanase Hydrolysis of High Amylose Rice Starch. American Journal of Food Technology (2009) 4(2):79-89. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2009.79.89
Agama-Acevedo E, Islas-Hernandez JJ, Osorio-Díaz P, Rendón-Villalobos R, Utrilla-Coello RG, Angulo O, Bello-Pérez LA. Pasta with unripe banana flour: physical, texture and preference study. Journal of Food Science 2009 Aug;74(6):S263-7.
Ozturk S, Koksel H, Ng PKW. Farinograph properties and bread quality of flours supplemented with resistant starch International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.(Septemper 2009) 60(6):449-457.
Ares G, Baixauli R, Sanz T, Varela P, Salvador A. New functional fibre in milk puddings: Effect on sensory properties and consumers’ acceptability LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2009;42(3):710-716.
Bustos MC, Perez GT, Leon AE. Sensory and nutritional attributes of fibre-enriched pasta. LWT_Food Science and Technology. 44(2011) 1429-1434. DOI:10.1016/j.lwt.2011.02.002
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact that the incorporation of resistant starch type II (RSII), resistant starch type IV (RSIV) and oat bran (OB) have on sensory and nutritional quality of pasta. RSII, RSIV and OB were incorporated into recipes in four proportions (w/w): 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 g/100 g. Resistant, digestible and total starch were measured in cooked pasta. An in vitro digestion and sensory analysis of pasta were performed in order to estimate glycemic index. Results showed that both, the type and amount of added fibre influence nutritional quality of pasta. Incorporation of RSII into pasta formulation generates an additional quantity of resistant starch content in cooked pasta. Differences in in vitro digestibility of pasta can be appreciated. RSIV presented the greatest effect on total starch hydrolysis. The lower glycemic index was obtained with addition of RSIV and RSII at 7.5 g/100 g and 10.0 g/100 g. Sensory analysis showed high scores for overall acceptability for Control, RSII and RSIV samples. Results suggest that by using insoluble fibre it is possible to enhance the nutritional quality of pasta, without affecting its sensory properties negatively.